{"id":"clock","level":"logic","name":"Clock tree and gated timing domains","shortName":"Clock network","role":"Distributes capture timing to sequential circuits while managing switching activity.","description":"Synchronous circuitry needs a coordinated sequence of capture events. A clock network distributes that timing through buffers and branches to many sequential elements. Different arrival times, called skew, affect the time available for data paths, while jitter describes variation over time. Clock gating can suppress unnecessary transitions in inactive blocks; separate clock and power domains support broader system management. The atlas shows the timing network independently from the data network so viewers can distinguish moving operands from the signal that schedules their capture. The clock is not a command that makes every transistor switch on each edge. Useful activity still depends on instructions, data dependencies, and available operands.","specs":[{"label":"Timing relation","value":"Period = 1 / frequency","context":"A timing unit, not an operations-per-second guarantee."},{"label":"Dynamic power model","value":"P ≈ αCV²f","context":"Activity, switched capacitance, voltage, and frequency."},{"label":"Management technique","value":"Clock gating","context":"Suppresses transitions when a block can safely idle."}],"interfaces":[{"name":"Clock source and enables","direction":"in","signal":"Timing reference and activity control"},{"name":"Sequential elements","direction":"out","signal":"Coordinated capture edges"}],"tradeoff":"Higher frequency can increase work rate. Clock load, power, and timing closure limit the gain.","whyAI":"Clocking coordinates many in-flight arithmetic operations. Gating avoids spending energy on inactive portions of an accelerator.","related":["flipflop","interconnect","mac"],"sources":[{"title":"Arm — Power Control System Architecture","url":"https://documentation-service.arm.com/static/63f3499c9567172d4e2aadd6"},{"title":"Arm — Fundamentals of System-on-Chip Design","url":"https://armkeil.blob.core.windows.net/developer/Files/pdf/ebook/arm-fundamentals-soc.pdf"}],"scale":"Chip-wide timing network; schematic branch structure","kind":"clock","mechanism":["Obtain a timing reference for the selected synchronous domain.","Distribute controlled clock edges through a buffered network.","Enable necessary captures and safely suppress clock activity where work is inactive."],"misconception":"A clock does not make every transistor switch each cycle; actual activity depends on data, logic, and enables.","check":{"question":"What is clock gating intended to reduce?","options":["The number of silicon protons","Unnecessary clock transitions in inactive circuitry","The need to verify timing"],"answer":1,"explanation":"Suppressing safe-to-skip transitions reduces switched capacitance activity, but gating itself must preserve correct timing behavior."},"branch":"Digital circuits","subbranch":"Timing distribution","science":[{"title":"Frequency and timing margin","equation":"f_clock = 1 / T_clock; margin = T_clock − T_required","explanation":"A higher clock rate shortens every cycle. Once the available period approaches the required path time, process, voltage, temperature, jitter, and skew must fit within the remaining margin.","assumptions":"Simplified synchronous timing view; real signoff considers many path types and clock relationships."}],"history":[],"learningObjective":"Connect clock period to a full timing budget.","engineeringExample":"If logic delay grows while uncertainty stays fixed, the minimum period grows and maximum frequency falls; skew and variation are part of the margin.","evidenceNotes":"The timing sum is a signoff abstraction, not a clock-tree implementation.","visualFamily":"design-flow","prerequisites":["flipflop","interconnect"],"labId":"library","scope":"Use the switching investigation to connect physical charge, circuit load and arithmetic; the numerical library has no standalone model of this lesson’s full mechanism.","investigationId":"switching","labScope":"Use the switching investigation to connect physical charge, circuit load and arithmetic; the numerical library has no standalone model of this lesson’s full mechanism."}